经典的遗传学（Genetics）无法解释同卵双胞胎为何长相并非一模一样，克隆三花猫为何毛色不一致，因为这些变化不是由核酸序列改变引起的，而是与我们今天要介绍的表观遗传有关。
表观遗传（Epigenetics）是指，在核酸序列不发生改变的情况下，遗传物质出现了可遗传的变化，从而导致可遗传的表型改变。目前，表观遗传学已从一个少有人关注的领域变成如今的研究热点。
表观遗传现象
表观遗传的现象很多，已知的有DNA甲基化（DNA methylation）、基因组印记（genomic imprinting）、母体效应（maternal effects）、基因沉默（gene silencing）、核仁显性、休眠转座子激活和RNA编辑（RNA editing）等，表明表观遗传学确实在癌症、进化、发育等方向发挥着重要作用。
表观遗传学的常见机制
表观遗传调控机制是生命现象中一种普遍存在的基因表达调控方式，主要有以下几种：
1. DNA 甲基化：在DNA甲基化转移酶的作用下将甲基选择性地添加到DNA分子上，DNA化学修饰的一种形式，能在不改变DNA序列的前提下，改变遗传表现；
2. DNA去甲基化：细胞中缺乏和减少细胞内的DNA甲基转移酶含量会引起DNA的去甲基化；
3. 组蛋白修饰：组蛋白在相关酶作用下发生甲基化、乙酰化、磷酸化、腺苷酸化、泛素化、ADP核糖基化等修饰的过程；
4. 染色质可接近性：大多数基因组中的染色质都紧密盘绕在细胞核内，但也有一些区域经染色质重塑后呈现出松散的状态，这部分DNA区域被称为开放染色质或可接近性染色质。染色质是否呈疏松结构是决定转录功能的关键因素；
5. 非编码RNA调控：microRNA抑制转录后水平的基因表达而诱导功能缺失表型，及最近几年比较火的长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）、环状RNA（circRNA）调控；
6. 蛋白DNA互作：在许多的细胞生命活动中，例如DNA复制、mRNA转录与修饰以及病毒的感染等都涉及到DNA与蛋白质之间的相互作用的问题。
表观遗传测序
表观遗传测序（Epigenetics Sequencing）是利用高通量测序，研究DNA修饰、基因表达及调控发生的可遗传变化。根据研究对象分为DNA和RNA两大类，进一步可划分为化学修饰、与蛋白质相互作用这两个主要细分领域。
目前基迪奥可提供的表观遗传测序服务主要有：染色质免疫共沉淀测序（ChIP-seq）、全基因组甲基化测序（WGBS）、简化甲基化测序（RRBS）、染色体易开放区域测序（ATAC-seq）、甲基化DNA免疫共沉淀测序（MeDIP-Seq）、RNA免疫共沉淀测序（RIP-seq）及甲基化RNA免疫共沉淀测序（MeRIP-seq）。
图1 基迪奥表观遗传测序技术整体介绍
下期我们将对DNA甲基化进行详细介绍，下表展示了三种DNA甲基化测序技术在检测范围、试验方法及检测范围等方面的异同点，感兴趣的小伙伴敬请期待下一期的内容吧。
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