在各色各样的探案类型电视剧中,除了思维敏锐、身手不凡的探长外,都或多或少有提到一个叫“法医法证(Forensics)”的部门。法医法证的技术人员用各种方法从犯罪现场寻找、分析犯罪分子留下的蛛丝马迹,并为探长们辨别疑犯、抓捕罪犯提供方向或证据。最常用的就是法医DNA分析技术(forensic DNA profiling)。
DNA存在于各种生物的细胞内, 因此理论上含有细胞的各种生物材料都可以进行法医DNA分析。从物证鉴定的角度可以分为四类:
- 人体的各种体液、组织、毛发及表皮脱落物;
- 各种动物细胞;
- 植物的根、茎、叶、花、果与种子;
- 细菌与真菌等微生物。
我们都知道DNA是遗传物质,而且DNA控制每个生物体的性状。那么自然地推测不同生物之间,或者同一物种不同个体之间,DNA序列应该有很多相同的部分,也有很多不同的部分。比如说,我们都有视觉,有相同种类的组织或器官,这些相同点一定是由DNA序列上相同的部分决定的;但是每个人都有自己的特点,不同的眼睛大小,不同的皮肤颜色,这些则是由DNA序列上不相同的部分控制的。
世界上没有一模一样的两个人,即使是双胞胎也会有不同的地方。这也就意味着,当对比个人与个人的基因组时,总可以发现DNA序列的差异,这种差异被称之为DNA的多态性。你的基因组就好比是自己的一个号码,世上没有任何一个人和你有相同的号码。当DNA多态性运用在犯罪辨识上时,我们可以取样犯罪现场留下的DNA证据,然后拿它们去比对疑犯的DNA,最终确定哪名疑犯才是真正的犯罪分子。DNA作为证据,因为有超高的识别率,所以在现代法庭是被接受的。
RFLP遗传标记分析
RFLP(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism),又称之为限制性片段长度多态性。我们的基因组被酶切后,产生一条条大小不等的片段,每个人的基因组可以产生的片段都可能是不一样长短的。这种方法的辨别力度是106-108(对比两人各六条片段的长短)。RFLP分析技术是由SirAlec Jeffreys研发的,此人是当代DNA指纹系统的奠基人,可以说是相当的厉害。
STR遗传标记分析
STR(ShortTandem Repeats),短串联重复序列。STR是均匀分布在基因组中的简单重复序列。到目前为止,在人类基因组中,已经发现的STR位点有8000多个。每个人在特定的STR位点,可能会拥有不同重复长度的序列。运用基因测序的方法,我们可以标记一个人基因组中的某几个STR位点的长度和碱基组成。这种分析方法的辨别力度是1014-1023,而全世界人口数是109,STR分析结果基本不会有误差,每个人都有自己特定的STR分布。
除了上面说的两种分析方法外,还有SNP单核苷酸多态性分析,RAPD随机引物扩增多态性分析等等,在此,小编就不多做解释了。
专有名词解释来自维基百科,图片来自网络,内容由BioEngX原创,转载请注明!
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