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几种常见有机物在气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)检测中的衍生化方法简介

作者:徐凡, 苏州大学化学化工学院;姚志刚 , 苏州大学分析测试中心

自 1957 年 J. C. Holmes 和 F. A. Morrell 开创了气相色谱和质谱(GC-MS)联用技术以来,GC-MS 技术得到飞速的发展和广泛的应用。目前 GC-MS 已被作为有机物定性的主要手段之一,同时还在很多的情况下用于定量分析,但 GC-MS对待测物有着严格的要求,只有符合 GC-MS 要求的样品才能在不损害仪器的基础上,得到良好的分析结果。

首先,GC-MS 的待测物的分子量应在质谱检测器的质量范围内,同时待测物应不含有无机杂质和腐蚀性物质。在待测物中含有如羟基、氨基、羧基等极性
较大的官能团或待测物热稳定性差等情况下,需对待测物进行衍生化。衍生化对GC-MS 会有以下一些有益的帮助:

1. 含有羟基、氨基、羧基等极性基团的待测物在通用的色谱柱中不出峰或峰拖尾,只有经衍生化后才能改善待测物的气相色谱性质,得到较好的测试结果。
2. 热稳定性差的待测物质在进样口气化时易分解,经衍生化后待测物定量转化为在 GC-MS 检测条件下稳定的化合物。
3. 经衍生化后的待测物在大多数情况下分子量增大。这不仅可以降低背景噪音,而且可改变待测物的质谱行为。大多数情况下,衍生化后的待测物产生较有规律、容易解释的质量碎片。

待测物的衍生化主要有烷基化衍生化、硅烷化衍生化、酰化衍生化三类方法,下面我们一一进行讨论。

1. 烷基化衍生化

烷基化衍生化的反应类型可归纳为:

方程式 1

方程式 2

最典型的烷基化试剂是碘代烷(如碘甲烷),也可以是重氮烷化合物和某些醇。这些衍生化试剂主要用于一些酚类中的羟基和羧酸类中的羟基。从反应方程式 1、2 可以知道,被衍生化的基团上的氢原子和衍生化试剂中的烷基发生了交换。衍生化后进行 GC-MS 检测时,要注意待测物的分子量的变化。以甲基化为例,待测物每衍生化一个官能团,分子量就增加 14。另外还需注意,许多烷基化反应(如甲基化反应)的副产物会对色谱柱寿命产生不利的影响,所以一般衍生化以后都要吹干衍生化试剂,再将衍生化的产物溶解于甲醇或乙酸乙酯后进样。

2. 硅烷化衍生化
有机物中羟基或氨基上的氢与硅烷化试剂中的烷基硅烷基发生交换,形成烷基硅烷基产物,这就是硅烷化衍生化(反应方程式 3)。常用的有机物硅烷化类型有三甲基硅烷化(-TMS)和叔丁基二甲基硅烷化(-TBDMS)。同样需注意的是待测物的分子量变化,待测物每衍生化一个官能团,如三甲基硅烷化,分子量就增加 72;如叔丁基二甲基硅烷化,分子量就增加 114。

方程式 3

其中 X:O,NH

一些经提取后再进行硅烷化的待测物,在 GC-MS 检测时会发现由基质中物质所产生的峰。这是由于气相色谱柱温度较高或色谱柱使用较长时间后而产生的柱流失。对于不同类型的色谱柱,流失物的质谱碎片峰不同,如 OV-101 固定相柱流失物的质谱主要碎片为 207、281、73、355,而 OV-17 固定相柱为 315、198、135、394、452。

3. 酰化衍生化
酰化衍生化的基本反应类型为:含有氨基或羟基的有机物与含有酰基的衍生化试剂反应,生成酰胺类或酯类化合物(反应方程式 4、5)。其中 R’基团常为烷基或氟代烷基。

方程式 4


方程式 5

较经典的乙酰化方法常常用于药物筛选。待测物每衍生化一个官能团,分子量就增加 42。常用的含氟的酰化反应为三氟乙酰化(-TFA),待测物每衍生化一个官能团,分子量就增加 96。需要注意的是:待测物的衍生化对 GC-MS 的检测结果产生有益的帮助,

但有时也会对 GC-MS 的检测带来一些不利的影响,如:1. 衍生化反应不完全,影响定量结果和灵敏度;2. 选择衍生化试剂不当,有时会使待测物分子量增加过大,接近或超过质谱检测器的质量范围。所以在 GC-MS 检测中运用衍生化方法时,如何选用合适的衍生化试剂是一个很关键的步骤,不仅要符合气相色谱的要求,同时也要考虑衍生化产物的质谱特性,这样才能得到较满意的 GC-MS检测结果。

参考文献:
1. Toshimasa Toyooka, Toshimasa Toyo’Oka ed. Modern Derivatization Methods for
Separation Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, ISBN: 047 1983640
2. 汪正范等,色谱联用技术[M],化学工业出版社,2001,ISBN: 7-5025-3031-2
3. 朱良 主编,分析仪器手册[M], 化学工业出版社,1997
4. Karl Blau, John halket ed. Handbook of Derivatives for Chromatography, Wiley
& Sons, 1993, ISBN: 047 192699X



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