DNA是无色的，所以我们想要看见它们，就要用到染色技术。自PCR技术成熟之后，DNA染色法被大量开发，我们想用最便宜、简单而且安全的方法进行最灵敏、有效的染色。小编今天就聊聊几种常见的染色剂。这些染色剂有的是荧光染料（Fluorescent dyes），有的是非荧光（Non-fluorescent dyes）。荧光和非荧光染料各有优劣，也不能说哪一种绝对的好，要根据情况而定。
1荧光染料溴化乙锭（Ethidium Bromide， EtBr）
EtBr分子结构
最常用、最便宜的DNA/RNA染色剂（结构如上图）。在琼脂糖胶里，EtBr的灵敏度是检测到至少1 ng 的DNA。染色过程可以是通过制作含有EtBr的琼脂糖胶，或者是在跑完胶后对整个胶体用EtBr稀释液染色。EtBr在紫外光照射下散发出橘黄色的光，当EtBr与DNA结合后，发光量大大增强。这就是为什么一整块经过EtBr处理的琼脂糖胶，在紫外光下，只有DNA所在的地方会发出强光，而不是整块胶都强光闪闪。EtBr即给DNA染了色，也标记了DNA，让我们了解到目标DNA的长短。唯一的不好就是，EtBr是潜在的可致癌诱变剂，所以在使用的时候一定要避免直接接触，使用有效防护，注意安全。
2 荧光染料SYBR系列
Thermo Fisher 出产的SYBR系列主要有三种：SYBR-Green，SYBR-Gold和SYBR-safe。SYBR-Gold有超高灵敏度（最低检测25 pg DNA），而SYBR-Green灵敏度稍低一些（大概在最低 60 pg DNA），SYBR-safe和EtBr灵敏度相似。不同于EtBr，SYBR系列染料不仅可以被紫外光激发，还可以被蓝光激发，因此避免了紫外光可能对DNA样本造成的破坏或突变。根据名字，我们也可以知道SYBR-safe是安全的、无害的，但另外两种却是潜在致癌物，使用时要小心。小编以前用过SYBR-safe染料，好用是好用，可是贵啊~~~
3荧光类其他染料
Biotium公司的Gel-Red和Gel-Green。两种染料的灵敏度和EtBr类似，Gel-Red只能被紫外光激发，Gel-Green只能被蓝光激发。这两种染料是完全无害的，没有致癌致畸的危害。小编也用过Gel-Red，效果不错，价钱比SYBR-safe稍微便宜一些，而且还是无毒无害的。性价比上还是不错的，但不管怎样肯定是不会比EtBr便宜的！
小编还听说过Lonza Bioscience 公司的GelStar 和Amresco公司的EZ-vision系列。只是从来没用过，也不知道效果如何。市面上还有很多荧光类的DNA染料，就不一一罗列了。
4非荧光类染料
非荧光染料的灵敏度肯定是大大不如荧光类染料的，但是非荧光类染料无需紫外光激发，能够减少对DNA的破坏。常见的非荧光染料有噻嗪类染料（Thiazine dyes），比如亚甲基蓝（Methylene blue）。除此以外，还有尼罗蓝类染料（Nile blue dyes，Nile blue A）。非荧光类染料都是与DNA进行离子键结合来显示DNA的位置的。
染料千千万，你们用什么呢，欢迎留言讨论！
图片来自网络，内容由BioEngX原创，转载请注明！
扫描下方二维码关注BioEngX官方微信公众平台
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