酶联免疫吸附检测(ELISA)通常是检测实验样品中是否存在某目的蛋白,以及该目的蛋白的量。目的蛋白的识别归功于抗体,因此ELISA是一个免疫检测。这些抗体通常偶联了一种酶,经过一系列的孵育,洗脱步骤,它们将检测到包被在多孔板孔底部的蛋白。当底物存在时,偶联在抗体上的酶将造成颜色改变,这说明样品中存在目的蛋白。
本短片将讲解ELISA的工作原理,其中讨论了一抗与二抗结合,以及封闭步骤的重要性。在接下来的练习中,视频演示了其逐步操作过程。最后介绍了标准ELISA的几种变化形式,如三明治ELISA和竞争ELISA,以及该方法的实际应用,例如非处方的测孕试纸。
概述
酶联免疫吸附检测(ELISA),是一种被广泛用来判断特定靶蛋白是否存在的方法。偶联了酶的抗体,经过一系列的孵育,洗脱步骤,将识别包被在96孔板底部的靶蛋白。当加入底物到样品中后,会发生酶促反应造成颜色变化,这使得可以鉴别并定量靶蛋白。
ELISA: 组成成分和原理
在讨论如何进行ELISA之前,让我们先熟悉一下将要用到的设备和试剂。ELISA反应通常在96孔平底板中进行。平的底部会有助于实验样品,捕捉抗体和检测抗体的均匀分布 。ELISA可检测靶蛋白是否存在于实验的溶液中。尿液,细胞培养液,血清,这些都是常见的实验样品。
ELISA实验中,直接与靶蛋白结合的抗体是一抗。它对抗原,也就是靶蛋白上特定的结合区域有很高的亲和力,结合非常紧密。通常一抗没有标记或偶联酶。如刚提到的,抗体多数非常紧密地与靶蛋白的特定抗原区结合。然而,实验样品中可能存在细胞碎片表达非特异性结合位点,与您检测抗体的非抗原特异性区域结合。
因此,ELISA实验中用封闭缓冲液来掩盖实验样品中的非特异性结合位点很关键。否则在不含靶蛋白的孔中可能会有酶促反应造成颜色变化,而给您带来假阳性结果。
ELISA实验中的二抗是用来识别一抗的抗体。这个抗体通常偶联了一种酶。有时,二抗会有一个很时髦的名字。例如,如果二抗是来源于驴用来识别一个来源于羊的一抗时,它会被称为驴抗羊抗体。给二抗命名时,名中第一个字是指二抗的动物来源,第二个字代表一抗的动物来源。
反应也需要底物,它会与二抗上偶联的酶的活性位点结合。这一步的化学反应将使无色的底物产生颜色变化。它也称为显色反应,用来对靶蛋白的存在进行检测和定量。只要有底物存在,酶促反应就会一直进行下去。因此,短暂孵育一段时间后,要向孔中加入终止溶液,它会造成另一种颜色变化来指示反应被终止。
实验也将用到读板机,通过测定每个孔中的吸光值,也就是有色产物的量来定量目的蛋白的浓度。吸光值与存在的靶蛋白的量成正比。
进行ELISA实验
现在您有了所有仪器和试剂,让我们来进行一个ELISA实验。要开始一个标准ELISA,或称直接ELISA, 先要用包被缓冲液稀释的靶蛋白来包被96孔板中的反应孔。同时也要加上正负对照。孵育足够长的时间使蛋白能完全吸附或结合到板的底部,然后迅速反转甩动来倒掉板中所有的包被液。
再在每个孔中加入封闭缓冲液并孵育来封闭任何可能的非特异性结合或背景信号。倒掉封闭缓冲液,在室温下用含1%BSA的PBS磷酸缓冲液短暂孵育来清洗反应孔。用PBS清洗反应孔的同时,可以制备靶蛋白的浓度梯度稀释,用于生成标准曲线。这些含已知靶蛋白浓度的反应孔中的吸光值,将被绘制成标准曲线,通过比较标准曲线反应孔的吸光值和样品反应孔中的吸光值可以得到样品孔中靶蛋白的浓度。
现在就可以加入一抗,也就是检测抗体了。反应板通常在室温下孵育,使得有足够量的抗体结合到靶蛋白用于后面的蛋白检测和定量。孵育完成后,弃去抗体溶液,用PBS短暂洗涤反应孔。
然后向孔板中加入二抗溶液并再次孵育来使二抗结合,孵育通常在摇床上进行。重复前面的步骤,洗涤反应孔。接下来,向孔板中加入底物来观察哪些反应孔中存在您的靶蛋白。反应时要将孔板避光,短暂孵育后,加入终止液来停止反应。
最后,将您的反应板放入读板机中来测量每个反应孔中的吸光值,也就是有色产物的量。您需要选择哪些反应孔将被测量和用于分析。读板结束后,每个反应孔中的吸光值结果将被显示出来。
需要注意的是,每个ELISA试剂盒都有一个检测范围,也就是说只有在检测范围以内的蛋白浓度可以被准确测定。蛋白量过低通常会产生和非特异性显色背景非常接近的信号,而过高的浓度则说明反应孔中剩余的蛋白或抗体未被冲洗走。
应用
为什么您需要进行ELISA实验呢?让我们来看看它的一些普遍应用。
最为常用的ELISA类型可能是三明治ELISA.三明治ELISA实验中,要先用识别目的靶蛋白的一抗包被96孔板。用PBS冲洗掉剩余的样品后,向孔板加入偶联酶的二抗,下一步再加入显色底物。与典型ELISA 一样读取吸光值。在这个实验里,ELISA数据将被用来判断哪种细胞系表达产生的人源抗体与目的抗原的亲和力最高,有最好的结合。
非处方的测孕试纸就是一种三明治ELISA检测。把试纸插入到可能怀孕妇女的尿液中,当尿液中存在孕激素hCG时,试纸上偶联酶的一抗将与之结合。如果妇女怀孕,试纸反应区域上结合了底物的二抗会造成显色反应,出现一条有颜色的带。
ELISA的另一种类型是竞争性ELISA,它用来检测抗体的存在。如果样品中存在目的抗体,它们将与附着在板底部的靶蛋白结合。随后,当向板中加入偶联酶的抗体时,将只有很少或没有蛋白与偶联酶的抗体结合,因为它们被样品中的目的抗体竞争排挤掉了。因此,在竞争性ELISA中,显色的反应孔实际上表明样品中不含目的抗体!病人的血清样品通常用于进行竞争性ELISA, 来判断样品中是否存在某个病原菌,如艾滋病病毒的抗体。
结语
您刚观看是JoVE对ELISA实验的介绍。本短片中我们回顾了:什么是ELISA和它的工作原理;进行ELISA实验要用到的仪器和试剂;以及该方法的一些不同应用。感谢您的观看,记住不要让您的底物反应时间过长!
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